Geographical
Range Map:

PHYLOGENETIC ORGANIZATION

Sophophora subgenus

• obscura group
  
  • affinis subgroup ((tol(narr-azt))(aff(athab-alg))): Lakovaara et al. 1976
    
    • athabasca complex (wn(ea-eb)): Miller 1950's
      
  • pseudoobscura subgroup (low(mir(per(pseuUS-pseuBog)))): Lakovaara et al. 1976
    
  • obscura subgroup (gua-subob)((hub-sinob)(subsil(ambi(obsc-tris)))(esk(ima(bifasJap-bifasEur)))))): Lakovaara et al. 1976; Watabe 1997

• willistoni group
  
  • willistoni subgroup (neb(insul(trop(willis(equin(pavlos-paulist)))))): Ayala et al. 1974; Robe et al. 2010
    
    • paulistorum complex (centr-trans).(inter(amaz(andebraz-orin))): Robe et al. 2010
      or… (((centr-trans)andebraz)amaz).(inter-orin)): Ayala et al. 1974
      
  • bocainensis subgroup (bocainoid(bocainen-paraboca)): Carson 1954

• saltans group ((austro-lusalt)(salt-prosalt)nigros, pseudos, septen)).(subs-paras).(sturte-mill-magal): Yassin 2009

• melanogaster group
  
  • melanogaster subgroup ((ere-ore)((tei(yak-sant))((melZimb-melWC-melCosmo)(sim(sec-mau)))): Lachaise et al. 1988
    
  • ananassae subgroup
    
    • bipectinata complex (pseu(maler((bipecBIP(bipSZE-bipPAC))-parabip))):Matsuda et al. 2005; Kopp and Barmina 2005
      
    • ananassae complex (papue-like-papue).(para(anana, pallidWau(pallid-pallid-like))): Matsuda et al. 2009
      
    • ercepeae complex (vall(erc-mer)): Lemeunier et al. 1997; Matsuda et al. 2009
      
  • takahashii subgroup (nepal((paral-prosti)(trilut(lutes-takah-pseudo)) : Parkash et al. 1994; Schawaroch 2002
    or… (nepal(pseudo((prosti-paral)(takah(trilut-lutes))))): Kopp and True 2002
    
  • elegans subgroup (elegBr-elegBl): Hiri and Kimura 1997
    
  • montium subgroup
    
    • auraria complex (yuw-rufa).(subaur(biaur(aura(triaur-quadra)))))): Ohnishi et al. 1983; Schawaroch 2002; Miyake and Watade 2007
      
    • kikkawai complex (penn((lini-lini-like)(kikk(leont-bocki)))): Ohnishi et al. 1983; Schawaroch 2002; Der Line and Houle 2008
      
    • jambulina complex (barb(jumb(punjab-punjab-like))): Ohnishi et al. 1983; Schawaroch 2002; Der Line and Houle 2008
      
    • serrata complex (birchii PNG -birchii NB)birchiiAust). (birchii - dominicana - serrata): UNRESOLVED, birchii is based solely on Geographical proximity

Drosophila subgenus

• virilis group
  
  • virilis phylad (viril(lumm(nova(amer-tex)))) virilis is only reported from wild localities after Throckmorton 1982; Spicer 1992; Wang et al. 2006
    
  • montana phylad ((litor-ezoa).(flav(lacic(borea-mont)))): Throckmorton 1982; Spicer 1992; Wang et al. 2006
    
  • kanekoi outgroup (kanek(virilis + montana phylads)

• repleta group
  
  • mulleri subgroup
    • mulleri and mojavensis clusters N.America S.America
      (mayag(strau-paris)).(((aldr-wheel)(mull-nigro))((ariz-moj)huay)navoj))): Durando et al. 2000
      
    • longicornis cluster (hex-spenc)(ritae(main(pach(long-propa)))): Durando et al. 2000
      
    • buzzati complex (ham….((stalk-richa).((unis(mart(starm-venez)).(serid(borb-seriem)(buzz-koepf))): Durando et al. 2000

• immigrans group
  
  • nasuta subgroup (kohk((kepul(nasut-albom)).((s.albost-s.sulfur-s.neon-s.bilim)pulau));Ramesh and Rajasekarasetty 1980, Nagaraja et al. 2004; Batchtrog 2006
  • hypocausta subgroup (neohyp(siam-hypoc))

• quinaria group (((((rec-subquin).(occid-suboccid))transv).(mund-quin)).(palus-subpalus))..inubila)..tenebr)
  

• pallidipennis group
  

• mesophragmatica group (virac..((guac-pava).((meso-ork-altipl)(gach-brnc)))
  

• hawaiian picture wing clade
  
  • planitibia subgroup (diff-plan)(hetero-silves)
  • grimshawi group

• funebris group
  

• testacea group
  

• melanica group Asia US (melanura-euro).(param-melanica)
  

• cardini group (((araw-dunni)(bellad-acut))(cardino-procardi)parthen)neocard))((neom-polym))cardini)
  

• nannoptera group ((pach - acanth- nanno)wasser)
  

• robusta group
  

• tripunctata group